Track Categories
The track category is the heading under which your abstract will be reviewed and later published in the conference printed matters if accepted. During the submission process, you will be asked to select one track category for your abstract.
Polymer synthesis is a complex procedure and can take place in a variety of ways. Addition polymerization describes the method where monomers are added one by one to an active site on the growing chain. Polymers are huge macro molecules composed of repeating structural units. While polymer in popular usage suggests plastic, the term actually refers to a large class of natural and synthetic materials. The study of polymer science begins with understanding the methods in which these materials are synthesized. Polymer synthesis is a complex procedure and can take place in a variety of ways in Developments in Polymer Synthesis.
In Polymer Chemistry, polymerization is a process of reacting monomer molecules together in a chemical reaction to form polymer chains or three-dimensional networks. There are many forms of polymerization and different systems exist to categorize them. In chemical compounds, polymerization occurs via a variety of reaction mechanisms that vary in complexity due to functional groups present in reacting compounds and their inherent steric effects. In more straightforward polymerization, alkenes, which are relatively stable due to sigma bonding between carbon atoms, form polymers through relatively simple radical reactions; in contrast, more complex reactions such as those that involve substitution at the carbonyl group require more complex synthesis due to the way in which reacting molecules polymerize. Alkanes can also be polymerized, but only with the help of strong acids.
Polymer Physics is the field of physics that studies polymers, their fluctuations, mechanical properties, as well as the kinetics of reactions involving degradation and polymerization of polymers and monomers respectively. While it focuses on the perspective of condensed matter physics, polymer physics is originally a branch of statistical physics. Polymer physics and polymer chemistry are also related to the field of polymer science, where this is considered the applicative part of polymers. Polymer Characterization includes determining molecular weight distribution, the molecular structure, the morphology of the polymer, Thermal Properties, mechanical properties, and any additives. Molecular Characterization also includes the development and refinement of analytical methods with statistical models which help to understand phase separation and phase transitions of polymers. Polymers play a fundamental role in our daily life. They are used in a great variety of applications, from plastic tools of mass production to highly sophisticated systems for nanotechnology and biomedicine. They are therefore required to show a vast range of different properties, at macroscopic and molecular level. The understanding of structure-property relations and advanced characterization techniques are fundamental for the development of polymeric materials with specific properties. The results achieved hereof can be eventually applied to optimize the experimental conditions during analyses. We have multiple approaches for Polymer Characterization.
When a polymer has stereo chemical isomerism within the chain, its properties often depend on the stereo chemical structure. Thus the analysis of the Stereo Chemistry of polymers is important and NMR spectroscopy has been the most valuable tool for this purpose. It is a general rule that for a polymer to crystallize, it must have highly regular polymer chains. Highly irregular polymers are almost inevitably amorphous. most polymers are achiral mainly because of the fact that the monomers are not chiral or because of the fact that the polymerization is not specific enough to create a regular chain.Polymer chains can have isomeric forms that decrease the regularity of the chains.
The terminology used in the bio plastics sector is sometimes misleading. Most in the industry use the term bio plastic to mean a plastic produced from a biological source. All (bio- and petroleum-based) plastics are technically biodegradable, meaning they can be degraded by microbes under suitable conditions. However, many degrade so slowly that they are considered non-biodegradable. Some petrochemical-based plastics are considered biodegradable and may be used as an additive to improve the performance of commercial bio plastics. Non biodegradable bio plastics are referred to as durable. The biodegradability of bio plastics depends on temperature, polymer stability, and available oxygen content of Biodegradable Polymers.
Advanced polymeric Biomaterials continue to serve as a cornerstone of new medical technologies and therapies. The vast majority of these materials, both natural and synthetic, interact with biological matter without direct electronic communication. However, biological systems have evolved to synthesize and employ naturally derived materials for the generation and modulation of electrical potentials, voltage gradients and ion flows. Bioelectric phenomena can be interpreted as potent signalling cues for intra and inter-cellular communication. These cues can serve as a gateway to link synthetic devices with biological systems.
Polymer Engineering is generally an engineering field that designs, analyses, and/or modifies polymer materials. Polymer engineering covers aspects of a number of subtypes the petrochemical industry, polymerization, structure and characterization of polymers, properties of polymers, compounding, and processing of polymers and description of major polymers, structure-property relations, and applications in Polymer Engineering.
The early developments in Polymer Technology occurred without any real knowledge of the molecular theory of polymers. The idea that the Structure of Molecules in Nature might give an understanding of plastics was put forward by Emil Fischer, who in 1901 discovered that natural polymers were built up of linked chains of molecules. It was not until 1922 that the chemist Herman Staudinger proposed that not only were these chains far longer than first thought, but they were composed of giant molecules containing more than a thousand atoms.
Polymer Catalysis has become an independent and thriving branch of chemistry. Extensive development of this field is attributed to the success achieved in synthesis and investigation of so-called functional polymers as well as to success attained inhomogeneous, metal complex catalysis. The fruitful cooperation of these two directions, namely the fixation of homogeneous catalysts or transition metal compounds on organic polymers, has led to the novel idea of heterogenization of homogeneous metal complex catalysts. Catalysis by polymers is the new intensively developing field of science
Biopolymers are available as coatings for paper rather than the more common petrochemical coatings. Bioplastics are used for disposable items, such as packaging, crockery, cutlery, pots, bowls, and straws. They are also often used for bags, trays, fruit, and vegetable containers and blister foils, egg cartons, meat packaging, vegetables, and bottling for soft drinks and dairy products. These plastics are also used in non-disposable applications including mobile phone casings, carpet fibres, insulation car interiors, fuel lines, and plastic piping. New electroactive bioplastics are being developed that can be used to carry electric current. In these areas, the goal is not biodegradability, but to create items from sustainable resources. Medical implants made of PLA (polylactic acid), which dissolve in the body, can save patients a second operation. Compostable mulch films can also be produced from starch polymers and used in agriculture. These films do not have to be collected after use on farm fields.
Bioplastics are plastics derived from renewable biomass sources, such as vegetable fats and oils, corn starch, or microbiota. Bioplastic can be made from agricultural by-products and from used plastic bottles and other containers using microorganisms. Common plastics, such as fossil-fuel plastics (also called petro based polymers), are derived from petroleum or natural gas. Production of such plastics tends to require more fossil fuels and to produce more greenhouse gases than the production of bio-based polymers (bioplastics). Some, but not all, bioplastics are designed to biodegrade. Biodegradable bioplastics can break down in either anaerobic or aerobic environments, depending on how they are manufactured. Bioplastics can be composed of starches cellulose, biopolymers, and a variety of other materials in the Bioplastics.
Polymeric Nanoparticles are predominantly prepared by wet synthetic routes. Several industrial processes will be described. Emphasis will be placed on the type of polymers and morphology structures that can be synthesized using each process. Controlled radical polymerization will be explored for their ability to provide structural control of polymer chains. The extraordinarily large surface area on the nanoparticles presents diverse opportunities to place functional groups on the surface. Particles can be created that can expand/contract with changes in pH or interact with antibodies in special ways to provide rapid ex-viva medical diagnostic tests. Important extensions have been made in combining inorganic materials with polymers and in combining different classes of polymers together in nanoparticle form.
The marketing mix is an important part of the marketing of polymers and consists of the marketing 'tools' you are going to use. But marketing strategy is more than the marketing of mixed polymers and plastics. The marketing strategy sets your marketing goals, defines your target markets and describes how you will go about positioning the business to achieve an advantage over your competitors. The marketing mix, which follows from your marketing strategy, is how you achieve that 'unique selling proposition' and deliver benefits to your customers. When you have developed your marketing strategy, it is usually written down in a marketing plan. The plan usually goes further than the strategy, including detail such as budgets.
The foremost challenges in the upcoming decades will be the increase in population, the concentration of people in expansive urban center, and globalization, and the expected change of climate. Hence, the main concerns for humans in the future will be energy & resources, food, health, mobility & infrastructure, and communication. There is no doubt that polymers will play a key role in finding successful ways of handling these challenges. Polymers will be the material of the new millennium and the production of polymeric parts i.e., green, sustainable, energy-efficient, high quality, low-priced, etc. will assure the accessibility of the finest solutions around the globe... Synthetic polymers have since a long time played a relatively important role in present-day medicinal practice. Many devices in medicine and even some artificial organs are constructed with success from synthetic polymers.
Material physics mainly describes the physical properties of materials whereas Materials chemistry implicates the use of chemistry for the design and synthesis of materials with interesting or potentially useful physical characteristics, such as magnetic, optical, structural or catalytic properties. current fields which materials physicists work in include magnetic materials, electronic, optical, and novel materials and structures, quantum phenomena in materials, nonequilibrium physics, and soft condensed matter physics. Material chemistry and physics also include the characterization, processing, performance, properties and a molecular-level understanding of the substances.
The controlled combustion of polymers produces heat energy. The heat energy produced by the burning plastic municipal waste not only can be converted to electrical energy but also helps burn the wet trash that is present. Paper also produces heat when burned, but not as much as do plastics. On the other hand, glass, aluminum, and other metals do not release any energy when burned. The disposal of polymer solid waste by means other than landfilling is necessary.
The atoms making macromolecules are held together by covalent substance bonds, shaped by the sharing of electrons. Singular particles are additionally pulled into each other by electrostatic powers, which are significantly weaker than covalent bonds. These electrostatic powers increment in greatness, be that as it may, as the span of the particles increments
The fundamental kinds of biomaterials utilized as a part of tissue engineering can be extensively delegated manufactured polymers, which incorporates moderately hydrophobic materials There are likewise utilitarian or basic groupings, for example, regardless of whether they are hydrogels, inject-able, surface altered, fit for tranquilizing conveyance, by a particular application, et cetera. The expansiveness of materials utilized as a part of tissue engineering emerges from the assortment of anatomical areas, cell composes, and exceptional applications that apply. For instance, moderately solid mechanical properties might be required in circumstances where the gadget might be subjected to weight-stacking or strain, or where support of a particular cite-design is required. In others, looser systems might be required or even best. The sort of materials utilized is likewise subject to the expected method of utilization the necessities of the cell kinds of enthusiasm for terms of porosity, and different issues. Notwithstanding this expansive range of potential materials, there are sure nonspecific properties that are attractive.
A noteworthy characterizing contrast amongst biopolymers and manufactured polymers can be found in their structures. All polymers are made of redundant units called monomers. The correct concoction synthesis and the succession in which these units are orchestrated are known as the essential structure, on account of proteins. Auxiliary science is the investigation of the basic properties of the biopolymers. Conversely, most manufactured polymers have considerably easier and more irregular structures. This reality prompts an atomic mass appropriation that is absent in biopolymers. Truth is told, as their blend is controlled by a format coordinated process in most in viva frameworks, all biopolymers of a sort (say one particular protein) are on the whole indistinguishable: they all contain the comparable successions and quantities of monomers and in this manner, all have a similar mass. This wonder is called mono disparity as opposed to the poly disparity experienced in manufactured polymers. The natural polymer is an essential component of the biological system. By biological system, we mean the human body. The term also includes plant and animal life. Starch, protein, carbohydrates are good examples of natural polymers. A synthetic polymer is that that finds its way from the laboratory through many chemical processes. As you know, synthetic is human- made. It is a polymer that is synthesized in a laboratory. This material has vast applications in our day-to-day life. Polyethylene, PVC, Bakelite, nylon, and synthetic rubbers are solid examples of synthetic polymers.
The process of designing and synthesizing well-defined complex macromolecular architectures. This process allows for the control of molecular parameters such as molecular-weight/molecular-weight distribution, microstructure/structure, topology, and the nature and number of functional groups. The rational design and characterization of mechanical, biological, electronic, and optical properties of macromolecular systems are critical towards pushing technological advancements to promote sustainable energy, environmental and human health applications. In addition , macromolecular engineering is the key to establishing the relationships between the precise molecular architectures and their properties. The understanding of the structure-property interplay is critical for the successful use of these elegantly tailored structures in the design of novel polymeric materials for applications such as tissue engineering, drug delivery, molecular filtration, micro- and opts electronics, and polymer conductivity. Complex architectures, including star-shaped, branched, grafted, and dendrite-like polymers, have been prepared using living polymerization methods (for which there is no termination step to stop chain growth) such as anionic, cationic, living radical, metal-catalyzed polymerization, or combinations of these methods.